Hydrogen energy serves as a crucial link in the integration of multiple energy sources and is considered one of the core components of future clean and low-carbon energy systems. Hydrogen fuel cell technology is increasingly becoming a central focus of the global energy technology revolution and an essential part of national energy strategies. Zhang Jinhua, executive vice president and secretary general of the China Automotive Engineering Society, emphasized this during the China Electric Vehicles Centennial Fuel Cell Sub-forum.
The "13th Five-Year National Emerging Strategic Industry Development Plan" clearly outlines the need to systematically promote research and development as well as industrialization of fuel cell vehicles, reflecting the country's strong support and recognition for this emerging sector. At the forum, industry experts discussed various aspects of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development, including cost, technological challenges, and long-term industrial prospects.
One of the key questions facing hydrogen fuel cells is whether they are necessary when plug-in and pure electric vehicles dominate the market. Zhang Jinhua believes that due to their longer range, faster refueling times, and potential cost advantages, hydrogen fuel cells will play a significant role in heavy-duty, long-distance, and large-scale transportation. He noted that after 2020, especially with policy adjustments, this trend will become more evident.
Meanwhile, the expansion of the hydrogen industry has laid the groundwork for the development of hydrogen fuel cells. According to Academician Qian Yong from the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the network of hydrogen refueling stations across the province, combined with high-speed service areas, is being established. The creation of a "hydrogen valley" and a 5 million yuan innovation fund aims to develop and demonstrate hydrogen energy operations. This initiative is not just about business, but about creating a sustainable ecosystem for hydrogen and fuel cell companies.
In Shandong, the expressway system is controlled by two state-owned enterprises, offering the potential to establish 120 hydrogen refueling stations. This would enable systematic hydrogen recovery, storage, and transport, paving the way for specialized logistics hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
Although hydrogen is a clean and zero-emission energy source, the key to its large-scale use lies in production methods. Academician Du Xiangyu highlighted the importance of renewable energy in hydrogen production, as using carbon-intensive methods would contradict the environmental goals of hydrogen energy. Academician Gu Dazhao explained that Shenhua Energy’s coal gasification facilities could produce 4 million tons of hydrogen annually, enough to power 40 million fuel cell passenger cars. Through carbon capture and storage (CCS), the company has already implemented a 300,000-ton CO₂ project in Ordos, proving the feasibility of low-carbon hydrogen production.
Professor Li Jianqiu from Tsinghua University predicts that domestic fuel cell vehicles will reach a scale of around 10,000 units by 2020. His next step involves focusing on infrastructure, hydrogen-electric interaction, and vehicle-side hydro-electric systems. He also suggests promoting fuel cell vehicles in cities where hydrogen resources and infrastructure are abundant.
However, technical disputes and a lack of skilled talent remain major bottlenecks. Professor Pan Mu from Wuhan University of Technology pointed out that there are two main technical approaches: high-pressure and low-pressure systems. High-pressure systems offer higher efficiency and power, as used by Toyota’s Mirai, while low-pressure systems are simpler but slower. China previously abandoned high-pressure systems due to technological limitations, but recent developments suggest a shift toward them for future applications.
Another challenge is the shortage of qualified professionals. Li Jianqiu recommended supporting university projects focused on catalyst materials and electrochemical expertise to train the next generation of engineers. He emphasized the need for automotive students to gain knowledge in fields like electrochemistry, catalyst carriers, and membrane electrode assemblies.
To overcome these challenges, policy support and research are essential. In 2017, the Ministry of Science and Technology commissioned the China Automotive Engineering Society to study hydrogen fuel cell policies. Zhang Jinhua stressed the importance of innovation in R&D models and breakthroughs in core technologies. Developing a complete industrial chain, promoting demonstration projects, and improving standards are also critical.
Standard regulations remain a key constraint, with gaps in hydrogen production, storage, and refueling procedures. Additionally, public education is vital to change perceptions and build trust. Zhang Jinhua emphasized the need to address misconceptions and promote scientific awareness.
Finally, international collaboration is crucial. The International Hydrogen Fuel Cell Association, initiated by the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, aims to bring together global experts and institutions to advance technology and industrialization. With China playing a pivotal role, the global development of hydrogen fuel cells could be significantly accelerated.
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