ARM processors have gained widespread popularity worldwide, with 32-bit RISC-based embedded processors becoming the standard in many embedded applications. Compared to the 8-bit microcontrollers commonly used in China, 32-bit embedded CPUs offer significant advantages. They bring enhanced hardware capabilities and improved performance, allowing for system upgrades through software alone, without the need for hardware changes. Unlike 8-bit processors, which are often limited by a 64KB memory constraint, 32-bit systems provide more flexibility. Developers can freely choose multitasking operating systems and design complex, large-scale application software, truly embodying the concept of "hardware-software integration."
What has changed?
In China, many engineers are familiar with 8-bit processor development, where tools are abundant and cost-effective. However, the development process for 32-bit processors is quite different.
First, real-time multitasking operating systems (RTOS) are now essential in 32-bit embedded systems. Due to the increased complexity of 32-bit CPUs, developers must learn new RTOS technologies and master the design and debugging of both low-level and application software. This presents a new challenge but also brings benefits such as modular and portable software, making long-term software management easier.
Second, the hardware debugging interface has evolved. While 8-bit systems often use In-Circuit Emulators (ICE), 32-bit processors—especially those with high clock speeds and complex packages like BGA—require alternative solutions. The JTAG interface is now commonly used for debugging, offering a more cost-effective and practical approach than ICE. JTAG allows direct access to the CPU, simplifying product design and reducing costs.
Third, the development methodology has shifted. In 8-bit systems, hardware and software development are usually done sequentially, with software often developed after hardware. For 32-bit systems, however, hardware and software development occur simultaneously. Engineers can develop and debug application software alongside the OS, and once the Board Support Package (BSP) is ready, the entire system can be tested efficiently. Application software can even be reused across different platforms if the same RTOS is used.
So what tools and environments are needed for 32-bit embedded development?
First, selecting a suitable multitasking operating system is crucial. Options like Linux, VxWorks, WinCE, and Nucleus are available, each tailored to specific technical and commercial needs.
Next, choosing the right build tools and debugging environment is essential. Compilers like ARM's SDT, ADS, or the free GNU toolchain are commonly used. Many vendors offer integrated development environments (IDEs) that include compilers, linkers, simulators, and debuggers, greatly simplifying the development process.
Additionally, a reliable JTAG emulator is necessary. It connects to the target board via JTAG and links to the host computer through USB, parallel, or network ports. Each connection method has its own trade-offs in terms of speed, convenience, and resource sharing. A good JTAG tool should support task-level debugging and work seamlessly with various RTOS, making it easier for developers to manage complex systems.
Finally, the development of the Board Support Package (BSP) is critical. Once the hardware is stable, migrating the RTOS and developing the BSP becomes a key step. Without a properly functioning BSP, the system cannot interact with hardware components, making this phase one of the most challenging and time-consuming parts of the project.
With the increasing demand for faster development cycles, parallel development of software and hardware is becoming essential. Developers can start working on the application software using evaluation boards or virtual environments provided by RTOS vendors, and then transition to the actual platform once the hardware and BSP are ready. This approach helps reduce overall development time and improves efficiency.
Overall, while 32-bit embedded systems present unique challenges, they also offer greater flexibility, scalability, and performance. Developers must be well-prepared, continuously improve their skills, and leverage the right tools to succeed in this evolving field.
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