Currently, one of the hot topics discussed by system equipment vendors and mobile operators is the development of the next generation mobile network 5G. There are several candidate technologies for 5G, and some concepts will definitely be defined in this new standard in the future. Dimitris Mavrakis, principal analyst of Ovum Intelligent Network, briefly introduced these candidate technologies in this article and analyzed the opportunities and challenges faced by each technology.
The main content of this article is not to discuss the requirements of 5G technology, but to identify several candidate technologies and related architectures that have emerged in the industry, including the direction in which 5G standards may develop. The industry's demand for 5G networks has been determined, and these have been outlined by 5G-PPP (European 5G Public-Private Partnership).
For the future of 5G, the industry's confusion mainly includes technology, business opportunities, applications in vertical industries, and timetables for deployment. Coupled with the fact that most mobile operators have not found a better way to monetize LTE networks, the future of 5G has become somewhat confused.
If we look back at the past development trajectory of mobile communication technology, we can vaguely depict the approximate appearance of 5G. A new generation of mobile networks usually means a completely new architecture, and of course the architecture is also considered to be wireless access: analog to TDMA (GSM) to CDMA (UMTS) to OFDM (LTE). Obviously, 5G also needs a new technology and a new standard to solve user needs.
Considering the trend of traffic growth, 5G is necessary to make radical changes on the network. Software-driven architecture, extremely high-density fluid networks, higher frequency bands, and a wider spectrum range, meeting billions of terminal device access needs, Gbps-scale capacity, etc., are not available from current LTE and Provided by the LTE-Advanced network.
Obviously, we need a brand new air interface. For this, ZTE goes a little further. They propose that 5G networks will allow multiple air interface standards to coexist. From a theoretical point of view, this is indeed ideal (OFDM technology is not applicable). In small cells and heterogeneous networks, but other interfaces can). But from an operational and economic point of view, this means a lot of effort and development costs.
Of course, combined with the existing network technology development and user needs, we can only guess the appearance of the future 5G technology. Now that the cost issue has not yet risen to the scope of the 5G technology topic, the scope of 5G candidate technology can be much larger. The same is true for this article. Let's take a look at cost considerations and briefly introduce several techniques that have completely disruptive changes to existing networks.
The 5G candidate technologies are as follows:
1, the ultimate densification
Network densification is not a new technology. When the 3G network first encounters congestion problems, mobile operators realize that they need to introduce new cells in the system or multiple sectors, which drives small cells and the like. The rise of products, this technology is essentially moving the access point closer to the user. Simply put, there is basically no other way to dramatically increase the capacity of the entire system or the entire network.
A 5G network is likely to consist of a multi-layer connection, that is, a heterogeneous network of different sizes and types of cells: a region with a low data connection rate is covered by a macro station layer, and a region with a high transmission rate is covered with a particle layer. In the middle, interspersed with other network layers. Network deployment and coordination is a major challenge as operators need to grow the network layer exponentially.
2. Multi-network collaboration
In the future, there will be multiple networks that provide connectivity for user terminals: mobile cellular, WiFi, terminal-to-terminal connectivity, and more. 5G systems should be able to closely coordinate these networks to provide users with an uninterrupted and smooth experience. At present, cooperating multiple networks is still a considerable challenge. The case of Hotspot 2.0 and the next generation Hotspot will be a reference for cellular and WiFi integration. Whether 5G can make terminal devices switch smoothly between several networks, it remains to be seen how seamlessly cutting from one network to another is indeed the biggest challenge.
3, full duplex
All existing mobile communication networks rely on duplex mode to manage uploads and downloads, sometimes duplexing, with frequency division duplexing, such as LTE FDD, which requires two separate channels for uplink and downlink, and TDD, regardless of The same channel is used for both uplink and downlink, but the time slots are different.
To coordinate the up and down, duplex mode is definitely necessary, but full-duplex technology is still under discussion. If this technical solution is adopted, the terminal device can simultaneously transmit and receive information, which makes it possible to double the capacity of the existing FDD and TDD systems.
Of course, this technology also has a huge challenge: the need to eliminate self-interference at all, the network and equipment need to change dramatically. If you overcome these challenges, the entire network capacity will achieve a huge increase.
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