Footwear assembly lines have always had very traditional and highly labor intensive features, especially in the so-called shoe last/production stage of footwear manufacturing. New technologies (especially process automation and robotics ) show that this shoemaking stage has an innovative approach. Robots are attracting more and more attention in various manufacturing fields, especially in countries where labor costs are rising rapidly, including China. In this article we will explore robots for making footwear with an upper and a bonded outsole to illustrate how the organization of the assembly line is affected by the robot and how the structure of the manufacturing system changes.
Our focus will be on the footwear assembly (manufacturing) line, but that doesn't mean that robots are not being used in other departments: past and recently experiments have been carried out using robots in the completion of operations, and people's ideas have driven the use of robots. Sewing tasks (three-dimensional sewing of complex footwear geometries) and laser marking. There is still huge room for development in these areas, but we are still in the application research stage and it will take time to witness the emergence of the first industrial applications. Instead, for manufacturing operations, we already have some implementation examples that are currently used for production and the new ideas discussed in this analysis.
In investigating the current and future applications of robots for shoemaking, we can understand many different ways of robot operation:
â— The robot operates the end effector. In the first scenario, a specific end effector (optimized for the task to be performed, sometimes with multiple tools to set the layout, two tools installed on the same end effector in the setup) is fixed to the robot wrist The footwear that needs to be machined is mounted to a special support (when the robot is a component of an automated system, typically a tray that transports footwear) and the footwear is reliably held in place while the robot is performing the machining task.
â— Robots operate footwear. In this alternative, a special clamping mechanism is attached to the wrist of the robot; the grip is used to grasp the footwear from a given position in the space (the footwear is usually mounted on the pallet and transported at the front of the robot) (or most It is good to grasp the shoe last by the metal connecting plate installed on it and move the footwear to one or more active workstations (each workstation performs a specific task or a part of the task). In this case, the robot must also follow a predefined trajectory movement (trajectory for each particular task or subtask that needs to be performed) programmed in a similar manner to the previous case.
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