Analysis of Catalytic Cracking Light Gasoline and Etherified Products - Master's thesis - Dissertation

1. Introduction The catalytic cracking light gasoline etherification process involves converting tertiary olefins into methyl tertiary alkyl ethers, which significantly improves the octane number and oxygen content while reducing vapor pressure and olefin levels. This makes it an ideal method for producing eco-friendly gasoline. In the research and industrial application of this process, accurate and rapid analytical methods are essential. In this study, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was combined with a standard sample control approach for qualitative analysis. For quantitative analysis, relative weight correction factors were determined using self-prepared standard samples, providing reliable results that support both experimental and industrial applications. This method offers a fast and accurate solution for analyzing raw materials and products in the etherification process. 2. Experimental Section 2.1 Instruments and Reagents The experiment used a MAT 90 GC/MS system from Fenigan, Germany, and a GC-7800 capillary gas chromatograph from Beijing Purui Analytical Instrument Factory. Reagents included methanol (99.5%, Shenyang Chemical Reagent Factory), 2-methyl-1-butene (98.5%, homemade), 2-methyl-2-butene (99.5%, homemade), 2-methyl-2-methoxypropane (methyl tert-butyl ether, 99.8%, Fushun Petroleum No. 2 Plant), 2-methyl-2-methoxybutane (methyl tert-amyl ether, 99.5%, homemade), 2-methyl-2-methoxypentane (methyl tert-hexyl ether, 99.5%, homemade), and 3-methyl-3-methoxypentane (methyl tert-hexyl ether, 99.5%, homemade). 2.2 Preparation of Standard Samples Standard samples were prepared by dehydration of tert-amyl alcohol to obtain 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene. 2-Methyl-2-methoxybutane was obtained through precise fractionation of catalytically cracked gasoline etherification products. 2-Methyl-2-methoxypentane and 3-methyl-3-methoxypentane were synthesized via a reaction between a ketone and a halogenated alkane, followed by a reaction with methanol under catalytic conditions. 2.3 Experimental Conditions A OV-101 (50 m × 0.25 mm I.D.) elastic quartz capillary column was used. Nitrogen served as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, with an injection volume of 0.5 μL and a split ratio of 130:1. The vaporization chamber temperature was set at 200°C, and the detection chamber at 250°C. The column temperature started at 30°C, held for 10 minutes, then increased at 5°C/min to 120°C, held for 5 minutes. Mass spectrometry was performed using electron ionization (EI) at 70 eV, 1 mA emission current, with a resolution of 5000 and a scan range of 30–300 mu. 2.4 Sampling and Injection To prevent loss of volatile components during sampling, a pressure-resistant nylon tube sampler was used. The sample was stored in a refrigerator with a syringe and analyzed after a certain period to ensure accuracy. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Qualitative Analysis Qualitative analysis was conducted using GC/MS combined with standard sample comparison. The results showed that seven types of tertiary olefins in catalytic cracked gasoline participate in etherification, including isobutylene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, 2-methyl-1-pentene, 2-ethyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-pentene, and 3-methyl-2-pentene. These reacted to form four ethers: 2-methyl-2-methoxypropane, 2-methyl-2-methoxybutane, 2-methyl-2-methoxypentane, and 3-methyl-3-methoxypentane. Methanol appeared between isobutane and isobutylene on the chromatogram. 3.2 Quantitative Analysis The weight correction factor for hydrocarbons was taken as 1, while those for methanol and ethers were determined experimentally. Using a modified area normalization method, the conversion rates of various tertiary olefins were calculated. The results showed that tertiary carbon olefins accounted for 24.25% of the catalytic cracked gasoline, with specific percentages for each compound. In the etherified product, methanol and the four ethers had distinct concentrations, with conversion rates ranging from 15.02% to 89.91%. The average conversion rates for C4, C5, and C6 tertiary olefins decreased in sequence. This indicates that the etherification efficiency depends on both the carbon chain length and the position of the double bond. Authors: Haiyan Wang (Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Fushun Petroleum Institute, Fushun 113001, China) Ma Jun (Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Fushun Petroleum Institute, Fushun 113001, China) Zhang Yongxing (Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Fushun Petroleum Institute, Fushun 113001, China) Zhang Shaohua (Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Fushun Petroleum Institute, Fushun 113001, China) Gui Da (Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Fushun Petroleum Institute, Fushun 113001, China) Zhou Ding (Department of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China)

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